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Sunday, October 11, 2020
Hindu Terror: Groups and Leaders
When blasts took place first at the Ajmer Dargah near Jaipur and then at the Mecca Masjid in Hyderabad, the police and the government immediately blamed Pakistani-based terror groups like the Lashkar-e-Toiba (LeT) and Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami (HuJi).
The attacks in Ajmer and Hyderabad took place nearly five months apart in 2007. Three people were killed in the Ajmer attack; another nine died in the Hyderabad explosion. Immediately after them, young Muslims were arrested in Hyderabad for Mecca Masjid blasts.
Three years later, new evidence suggests that the investigating agencies and the government got it all wrong. The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) says it believes that radical Hindu groups planned those blasts.
What's led to this new theory is the arrests last week of three men by the Rajasthan Anti-Terror Squad. They were tracked down because they were using SIM cards found in the debris after the attack at Ajmer.
The men arrested are all Hindus, and are believed to be associated to Abhinav Bharat, a Hindu radical group that India confronted for the first time in 2006.
In September 2006, a series of blasts in Malegaon in Maharashtra left 37 people dead and another 25 injured. Almost two years later, Mumbai Police Anti-Terrorism Squad arrested Sadhvi Pragya Thakur on October 10, 2008 and then serving army officer, Lieutenant Colonel S P Purohit, believed to be the leaders of Abhinav Bharat. Their alleged agenda: to target Muslim crowds.
Purohit, in recent interrogation, has allegedly said that a man named Sunil Joshi was behind the Ajmer blast. That's what the Rajasthan police also suspects. Sunil Joshi, who was an RSS pracharak in Madhya Pradesh's Mhow area, had links with Devendra Gupta, the first suspect arrested in the Ajmer Dargah case. Joshi, a resident of Indore, was killed in Dewas in December 2007. The call details of Gupta indicate that both were in touch.
"Colonel Purohit, arrested for Malgaon blast, has confessed that Sunil Joshi had organised the Dargah operation with the help of Devendra Gupta," Rajasthan Home Minister Shanti Dhariwal told the Hindu newspaper on May 2.
The CBI says that in both the Ajmer and Hyderabad blasts, identical explosives were used. Cellphones triggered both bombs.
So in two different cities, Pakistani groups were held responsible, and young Muslims paid the price. Muslims like Ibrahim Junaid, who, along with 25 others, was picked up from the Old City of Hyderabad and accused of terror links. They were reportedly tortured in illegal custody. There was no chargesheet accusing them of links to the Mecca Masjid attack. Instead they were accused of conspiring to wage war against the state, of preparing and playing out CDs of the Gujarat communal riots of 2002 to create communal tension.
Junaid was at that time was a Unani doctor; he was finally acquitted after 2 years.
"Without proof, they arrested our children. They didn't even inform us. We didn't know their whereabouts for 7-8 days," said Arifunnisa, Junaid's mother.
All 26 men were later acquitted but they say the stigma never goes away. Junaid says, "When there is a blast, youth of a particular community are targeted. They are playing with our lives. That happened to me. I lost a year in college. I was not able to do my MD because of this.''
Junaid and some of the other Muslims who were arrested have gone to court seeking compensation.
"We are demanding compensation from the police officers who tortured us. That they should be made to pay compensation from their salary, says Rayeesuddin.
CBI chief Ashwani Kumar on Monday said that there was a link between the three alleged hardline Hindutva activists arrested for 2007 blast in Ajmer and the Mecca Masjid, pointing to a network of saffron terror larger than so far believed.
"There is a link between the Ajmer blast and Mecca Masjid blast," Kumar said on the sidelines of the annual D P Kohli Memorial Lecture on Monday.
The CBI chief said the Rajasthan police along with their Andhra Pradesh counterparts and the CBI have been working on the links for the last six months. "We are coordinating our efforts. For the time being, we can only say that there is a link. We are hopeful of cracking the case," Kumar added.
Radical Hindutva formations have already been identified as allegedly responsible for the second terror attack on Malegaon. With investigations suggesting that the Hindutva radicals had the motivation, reach and access to resources that they has so far not been suspected of, police will be looking closely at any sign of their involvement in other unsolved cases of attacks on Muslim targets — like the attack on Jama Masjid in the capital.
The Maharashtra police have chargesheeted alleged jehadis in the first attack on a Malegaon mosque, but a demand to re-examine the case is very much likely.
With the CBI breaking its silence over the alleged links between the two cases, Hyderabad-based Muslim groups called upon CBI to not just revisit the Mecca case but also probe the involvement of alleged Hindu terrorists Col P S Purohit and Sadhvi Pragya Singh Thakur who are accused in the 2008 Malegaon bombing.
According to the agency, links have also been found with the Malegaon blast. Sources said that the links had been established due to the use of the similar modus operandi and explosives. The Rajasthan police informed CBI, which is probing the Mecca case, about the arrest last week of three accused — Devender Gupta, Vishnu Patidar and Chandrashekhar Patidar — in the Ajmer shrine blast case. The accused have links with the group, Abhinav Bharat.
Unfinished stories, goes an old idiom in Ajmer, find their denouement in Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti’s shrine. Perhaps, unfinished investigations do too. Two-and-a-half years after low-intensity blasts ripped apart the courtyard of the centuries-old shrine, the Rajasthan police arrested three men—Devendra Gupta, Vishnu Prasad and Chandrashekhar Patidar. Gupta, an RSS worker, was suspected to have bought the mobile phone and SIM card that triggered off the October 2007 blast in which three were killed. Till their arrest on April 30 this year, the story narrated by the investigators, lapped up by the establishment and reiterated in large sections of the media was that the Ajmer blast was the handiwork of jehadi terrorists.
The SIM-mobile phone-detonated bombs are similar in Ajmer and Mecca Masjid blasts, with RDX-TNT mix in proportion used by the Indian army.
The one troubling question—would jehadis target Muslim devout at a dargah?—can have complicated answers, as the body count at Lahore’s Data Ganj Baksh would testify. But in India, the question wasn’t even deemed worthy of being asked as a reasonable line of inquiry. The needle of suspicion remained firmly and automatically fixed on Islamic terrorists—young men from the community were detained at various stages of the investigation and interrogated at length—until the trail finally led to Gupta and pointed to radical Hindu nationalist groups instead. Says Rajasthan Anti-Terrorist Squad chief Kapil Garg: “We have arrested some people of that religion (Hinduism) and we’re dead sure we’re on the right track.”
In Hyderabad too, the CBI team believes it is on the right track, finally, in the Mecca Masjid bomb blasts case. Four men belonging to radical Hindu groups were arrested this May for triggering a high-intensity bomb that went off in the masjid complex in May 2007, killing 14 and injuring some 50. At that time, the Hyderabad police had said it was most likely the work of the Harkat-ul-Jehad-e-Islami (HuJI), backed by local logistical support; some 26 Muslim men were picked up, interrogated, forced to confess and detained for up to six months.
The terror trail in India changed after the Maharashtra ATS’s investigations into the 2008 Malegaon blasts, which alerted them to Abhinav Bharat.
The story followed this script till the CBI found evidence to the contrary: the SIM card-and-mobile phone-detonated explosives packed in metal tubes were strikingly similar to the Ajmer blasts contraption. Tellingly, both bombs are believed to have contained a deadly mix of RDX and TNT, in proportions often used by the Indian army. CBI director Ashwani Kumar told the media that an activist named Sunil Joshi “played a key role in orchestrating the Ajmer blast... and a set of mobile SIM cards that had been used in activation of the bomb-triggers in the Mecca Masjid blast was used again in the Ajmer blast”.
Around the same time, officers of the National Investigating Agency (NIA) filed a chargesheet in a Panjim court accusing 11 people, all Hindus and members of the ultra-right-wing Sanathan Sanstha, of masterminding and executing the October 2009 Margao blasts that killed the two people ferrying the explosives to a local festival. Investigation in Pune’s German Bakery blast this February has run aground after the initial suspicion, detaining and interrogation of suspected Muslim men, some believed to be members of “sleeper cells of jehadi groups” or the Indian Mujahideen (IM). When Abdul Samad was arrested last month, the Maharashtra ATS actively encouraged the understanding that he was the man caught on CCTV cameras in the bakery that night. However, Samad was never charged with the blast and subsequently let off in other cases too.
Malegaon Blasts-I
September 8, 2006
37 dead
* Initial arrests: Arrested include Salman Farsi, Farooq Iqbal Makhdoomi, Raees Ahmed, Noorul Huda Samsudoha and Shabbir Batterywala.
* Later revelation: Suspicion now rests on Hindu terrorists because of the 2008 blasts.
Samjhauta Express Blasts
February 18, 2007
68 dead, mostly Pakistanis
* Initial suspicion: LeT and JeM were blamed. Those arrested included Pakistani national Azmat Ali.
* Later revelation: Police have seen the evidence trail lead to right-wing Hindu activists. Investigators claim the triggering mechanism for the Mecca masjid blast three months later was similar to the one used here. Police are looking for RSS pracharaks Sandeep Dange and Ramji.
Mecca Masjid Blast
May 18, 2007
14 dead
* Initial arrests: Around 80 Muslims detained for questioning and 25 arrested. Several have now been acquitted, including Ibrahim Junaid, Shoaib Jagirdar, Imran Khan and Mohammed Adul Kaleem.
* Later revelation: In June 2010 the CBI announced a cash reward of Rs 10 lakh for information on the two accused, Sandeep Dange and Ramchandra Kalsangra. Lokesh Sharma arrested.
Ajmer Sharif Blast
October 11, 2007
3 dead
* Initial arrests: HuJI, LeT blamed. Those arrested include Abdul Hafiz Shamim, Khushibur Rahman, Imran Ali.
* Later revelation: In 2010, Rajasthan ATS arrests Devendra Gupta, Chandrashekhar and Vishnu Prasad Patidar. Accused Sunil Joshi, who was killed weeks before the blast, is believed to have been a key planner.
Thane Cinema Blast
June 4, 2008
* Affiliated to Hindu Janjagruti Samiti and Sanathan Sanstha, Ramesh Hanumant Gadkari and Mangesh Dinkar Nikam arrested. Blast planned to oppose the screening of Jodhaa Akbar.
Kanpur And Nanded Bomb Mishaps
August 2008
* Two members of Bajrang Dal—Rajiv Mishra and Bhupinder Singh—were killed while assembling bombs in Kanpur. In April 2006, N. Rajkondwar and H. Panse from the same outfit died under similar circumstances in a bomb-making workshop in Nanded.
Malegaon Blasts II
September 29, 2008
7 dead
* Initial suspicion: Groups like Indian Mujahideen involved
* Later revelation: Abhinav Bharat and Rashtriya Jagaran Manch accused of involvement. Arrested include Pragya Singh Thakur, Lt Col Srikant Purohit and Swami Amritanand Dev Tirth, also known as Dayanand Pandey.
Goa Blasts
October 16, 2009
* 2 dead Both accused are members of the Sanathan Sanstha. Malgonda Patil and Yogesh Naik were riding a scooter laden with explosives, which accidentally went off.
Terror trails in India dramatically changed with the Malegaon blasts investigation in September-October 2008. Led by then Maharashtra ATS chief Hemant Karkare, who was subsequently killed on the night of 26/11, the investigation pointed to Abhinav Bharat (AB), an ultra-right-wing Pune-based organisation established in 2005-06, and its members or affiliates. What Karkare’s teams managed to uncover is part of recent history and should have become the basis of examining and monitoring the new phenomenon of Hindutva terror but didn’t.
The Hindutva links to Mecca Masjid, Ajmer and other low-intensity blasts have been in the public domain for close to two years; the signs were visible since 2002-03 when an ied found at the Bhopal railway station was traced back to local Hindutva activists Ramnarayan Kalsangra and Sunil Joshi. They were questioned, but no evidence was found. Yet, it prompted Congress leader Digvijay Singh to declare a Bajrang Dal hand. Later in 2006, there were explosions in the houses of Hindutva activists in Nanded and Kanpur, where ieds were being prepared. Through that year, mosques in several towns in Maharashtra—Purna, Parbhani, Jalna—were rocked by low-intensity blasts; the Nanded one was meant for a mosque in Aurangabad. Recovered with a map of Aurangabad were false beards and Muslim male outfits. That should have been warning enough.
However, till May-June this year, the establishment did not either see these warning signals or chose to ignore them—except for a brief two-month period in 2008 when Karkare led the Malegaon probe. Now, it may be difficult to sustain the denial. “For the last 10 years, stories about Hindu right-wing violence have been trickling out. Instead of a systematic investigation, there has been an event-to-event investigation. The larger story has remained underinvestigated and under-reported,” says Mumbai advocate and human rights campaigner Mihir Desai. The CBI is only now seeking directions from the Union home ministry to see the Ajmer, Mecca Masjid, Malegaon and other blasts in conjunction after there has been no conclusive evidence of the involvement of Islamic groups.
Malegaon 2008 provided the much-needed aperture to review the role of Hindutva groups. In September that year, eight people were killed and many injured in a low-intensity blast. The ATS investigation led to Sadhvi Pragya Singh Thakur, whose motorcycle was used to explode the bomb, and then to 13 others, including self-styled guru Dayanand Pandey and Lt Col Prasad Shrikant Purohit, the first-ever serving officer to be charged. During interrogation, he had disclosed to ATS investigators that he had provided the RDX in the Mecca Masjid blasts too but the ATS was reportedly asked not to make it public as the Hyderabad police had detained HuJI suspects. The similarity with the Ajmer Sharif blasts was evident too.
The 4,528-page chargesheet filed in the Malegaon case offers insight into the grand design of the Abhinav Bharat and its affiliates. Purohit, the Sadhvi and others had spoken to one another “to avenge bomb attacks on Hindu shrines” and had engineered a series of blasts with the larger ambition to establish a “separate Hindu rashtra”. Abhinav Bharat—whose original avatar was started by Veer Savarkar, later disbanded, and restarted by Himani Savarkar—was set up to achieve this ambition. “This organised crime syndicate,” states the chargesheet, “wanted to adopt a national flag, that is, a solo-themed saffron flag with a golden border...with an ancient golden torch.”
Malegaon honoured Karkare by naming a chowk after him—the tribute of a relieved town to a man they believed would have led them to the truth about the September 2006 blasts too. Three bombs had gone off that Friday afternoon near a mosque and cemetery, killing 37 and injuring 100. Typically, Muslim men alleged to be members of the proscribed SIMI were picked up, interrogated and forced to confess. But the chargesheet had several loopholes—main accused Mohammed Zahid, though a SIMI activist, was leading prayers in a village 700 km from Malegaon that day; conspirator Shabbir Masiuallah had been in police custody a month before the blasts, police sketches made on the basis of eyewitness accounts showed clean-shaven men while all accused had kept beards for years.
The Rajasthan ATS now believes that Devendra Gupta, linked to the Ajmer blasts, was in touch with AB members through RSS pracharak Sunil Joshi. Providing the other end of the link, the Maharashtra ATS says the Sadhvi, enraged when Joshi was killed by suspected SIMI activists in September 2007, ordered the 2008 Malegaon blast. Joshi has also been linked to the Samjhauta Express blasts which killed 68 people, all Pakistanis. The evidence has come from Purohit’s reported phone conversation as narrated by an unnamed witness.
Yet, the story has several loose ends, most critical among them being fugitives Ramnarayan Kalsangra, Swami Aseemanand and others. Kalsangra, investigators in Maharashtra and Rajasthan say, was introduced to Devendra Gupta by the Sadhvi and is believed to be an expert at assembling bombs. Finding Kalsangra is crucial since all accused in custody have named him as “the man”. Ajmer, Mecca Masjid, Malegaon, Samjhauta Express and several other blasts are clearly part of a larger story. Only when the CBI puts all the pieces together will the entire Hindutva terror picture emerge, if at all.
Two days after stoking a controversy by accusing BJP and RSS of conducting terror training camps and promoting " Hindu terrorism", the Union home ministerSushilkumar Shinde on Tuesday got an official backing of his remarks from home secretary R K Singh. The senior bureaucrat emphasized that the government has names of at least 10 people involved in several blasts, who were associated with the RSS.
Though Singh did not mention anything about BJP or existence of any training camp that might be promoting terrorism as claimed by Shinde, he disclosed the names of 10 people against whom investigating agencies have evidence.
"During investigation of Samjhauta Express, Mecca Masjid and (Ajmer) Dargah Sharif blasts, we have found at least 10 names who have been associated with the RSS at some point or the other," Singh said.
Responding to a question whether government has any evidence linking RSS with any person involved in any terrorist strike anywhere in the country as claimed by Shinde, the home secretary said, "We have evidence against them. There are statements of witnesses".
Names disclosed by Singh are of those who were either arrested by the National Investigation Agency (NIA) or are absconders for their alleged roles in Samjhauta Express, Ajmer Sharif Dargah, Mecca Masjid and Malegaon blasts at different points of time.
Incidentally, Singh did not take name of the RSS senior leader Indresh Kumar whose name is there in the NIA's chargesheet as one of the "suspect" in the Samjhauta Express blast case - an indication that the investigating agency hasn't any corroborative evidence against him so far.
The names that were made public by the home secretary had links with the RSS in one or the other way.
These names — part of the report sent by the NIA to the home ministry — include slain RSS activist Sunil Joshi who was allegedly involved in Samjhauta Express and Ajmer Sharif Dargah blasts. Joshi was an "activist of RSS" in Dewas and Mhow from 1990s to 2003.
The other nine include two absconders — Sandeep Dange and Ramji Kalsangra — and seven arrested accused like Lokesh Sharma, Swami Aseemanand alias Naba Kumar Sarkar, Rajender alias Samunder, Mukesh Vasani, Devender Gupta, Chandrasekhar Leve and Kamal Chauhan.
The NIA's report claimed that Dange, who was allegedly involved in Samjhauta Express, Mecca Masjid and Ajmer Sharif Dargah blasts, was "RSS pracharak" in Mhow, Indore, Uttarkashi and Sajhapur from 1990s to 2006 while Lokesh Sharma - accused in Samjhauta Express and Mecca Masjid blasts — was the RSS "nagar karyavahak" in Deogarh.
Similarly, Aseemanand - chargesheeted in Samjhauta Express blast case — was "associated with RSS wing Vanavashi Kalyan Parishad" in Dang, Gujarat, in 1990s to 2007, while Rajender (Samjhauta and Mecca Masjid blasts accused) was "RSS varg vistarak".
Ajmer Sharif Dargah accused Mukesh Vasani was an "activist of RSS" in Godhra. The report also claimed that Devender Gupta, involved in Mecca Masjid blast, was a "RSS pracharak" in Mhow and Indore. Chandrasekhar - a Mecca Masjid accused — was a "RSS pracharak" in Shajhanpur in 2007, while Kamal Chouhan (Samjhauta and Mecca Masjid blasts accused) was a "RSS activist".
The NIA also claimed that the absconder Ramji Kalsangra was a "RSS associate". He was involved in Samjhauta Express and Mecca Masjid blasts.
Names of five of them - Aseemanand, Joshi, Sharma, Dange and Kalsangra — had figured in the Samjhauta Express charge-sheet, filed by the NIA in June 2011. Though the RSS leader Indresh Kumar was not an accused in the case, the agency referred to him thrice in the chargesheet stating that his involvement in the conspiracy is "highly suspected".
Kumar's name is figured as "suspect" on the basis of his meeting with the perpetrators twice during 2005-06 when they "discussed about jihadi attacks on Hindu places of worships and the need to give befitting replies".
These meetings were followed by similar secret gatherings of select people which finally culminated into terror attacks not only on Samjhauta Express train, but also blasts in dargah Ajmer Sharief, Mecca Masjid (Hyderabad) and twice in Malegaon under the radicals' "bomb ka badla bomb" plan. The NIA had earlier referred to Kumar as "suspect" in the Ajmer blast case as well.
The NIA, in its 24-page chargesheet, had claimed that "investigation has brought out strong suspicion about the role of some more persons in the conspiracy as well" and therefore further probe in the case would be continued.
Investigations and allegations
Hindu extremist organisations have been accused of involvement in terrorist attacks including 2006 Malegaon blasts, Mecca Masjid bombing (Hyderabad), Samjhauta Express bombings and the Ajmer Sharif Dargah Blast.[7][8][9][10][11][12]
[edit]Investigation of Ajmer Dargah blast
A blast shook the sufi shrine of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti at Ajmer on 11 October 2007 at 6:20 pm, leaving two dead and eleven injured. The blast was initially blamed on the Pakistani terrorist group LeT.[13] However, in 2010, The ATS arrested five individuals for the blast, four of whom were members of the Hindu Nationalist group RSS.[14][15] Swami Aseemanand, in his confession, also admitted the involvement of former RSS members and the Inter-Services Intelligence in the blast.[16][17][18] Aseemanand later retracted his "confession" and his lawyer said the confession was not voluntary and made under extreme pressure.[19]
[edit]Investigation of Samjhauta Express bombing
Initially the primary suspects of the bombing were considered to be Pakistan-based terror groups like the LeT and the JeM.[20] In November 2008, it was reported that Indian officials also suspected the attacks were linked to Prasad Shrikant Purohit, an Indian army officer and member of Hindu nationalist group Abhinav Bharat.[21] Wikileaks reports name David Headley as behind the Samjhauta attacks.[22] On January 8, 2011, Swami Aseemanand allegedly confessed that Saffron terror outfits were behind the bombing of Samjhauta express,[23] a statement later alleged to be obtained under duress.[19][24][25] His confessions included allegations that Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) was supporting the activities logistically.[18][26] On March 31, 2011 Aseemanand redacted his confession, citing government pressure. Security analyst B. Raman has termed this investigation as a "partisan political game.".[27] On July 18, 2011 Swami Aseemanand further unveiled that NIA had fabricated evidence against him and his arrest was illegal. He further alleged that he was tortured to give wrong statements.[28][29] On November 29, 2011 the Punjab and Haryana High Court issued notice to the NIA on a petition filed by Swami Aseemanand.[30] Kamal Chauhan a former RSS member confessed that he planted a bomb on the Delhi-Lahore Samjhauta Express that killed 68 people. This was under the leadership of Joshi a former RSS zila pracharak in Madhya Pradesh, who quit RSS for its diversion from the core idealogies.[31][32]
[edit]Investigation of 2008 Malegaon blasts
Police filed a chargesheet that named Indian Army officer Lt Col Prasad Purohit as the alleged main conspirator who provided the explosives, and Sadhvi Pragya Singh Thakur as the alleged prime accused who arranged for the men who planted the explosives.[33]
A 4,000-page chargesheet, filed by Maharashtra Anti-Terrorism Squad (ATS) before the Special MCOCA court here, stated that Purohit joined the right-wing Hindu group Abhinav Bharat in 2007 with an alleged intention to ‘propagate a separate Hindu Rashtra with its own Constitution’. According to the document, the Army officer allegedly collected ‘huge amounts’ to the tune of Rs 21 lakh for himself and Abhinav Bharat to promote his "fundamentalist ideology."[33]
It was in the aftermath of the September 29 bomb blast in the predominantly Muslim town[34] of Malegaon in Maharashtra that the alleged terms Saffron Terror and Hindutva Terror came to be used widely in various medias. [35] However, the accused parties confessed to police on narco-analysis that a group of Muslim individuals was used to obtain the RDX used in the blast.[36] However, Purohit allegedly admitted that a splinter group with tenuous ties to him had executed two blasts in India, which prompted investigators to look into the blasts in Ajmer and Hyderabad.[37]
Three men accused of the 2006 Malegaon bombings, including Lt Col Shrikant Purohit of the India army and Pragya Singh Thakur, have been described as representing Saffron terror. [38][39] Purohit was also accused of being involved in the 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings }</ref>
[edit]Investigation of Mecca Masjid bombing
While the United Progressive Alliance-led central government has claimed that Abhinav Bharat was behind the Mecca Masjid bombing,[40] the South Asia Terrorism Portal, the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, the United States and the United Nations have asserted that the Islamicoutfit Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami was behind the attacks.[41][42][43][44] Noting this, security analyst B. Raman has questioned "the two different versions that have emerged from Indian and American investigators."[45] On September 22, 2010 a report submitted by the United States National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) to the United States Department of Homeland Security, named HuJi responsible for the blasts. The CBI claimed in their response that the NCTC "do not seem to be updated with developments in the case"[46]
Swami Aseemanand allegedly confessed in January 2011[47] that he and other Hindu activists were involved in bombings at Muslim religious places(including the mecca masjid). Hyderabad was chosen because the Nizam of Hyderabad wanted to opt for Pakistan at the time of partition.[47]However his lawyer claimed that confession was obtained under pressure.[19][24]
[edit]Other allegations
Members of Abhinav Bharat have recently been alleged to have been involved in a plot to kill Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh President Mohan Bhagwat.[48] allegedly with the help of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence.[49] Headlines Today released a recorded video tested by the Central Forensic Science Laboratory which indicated the uncovering of an alleged plot to assassinate the Vice President of India Hamid Ansari.[50] Tehelka also released alleged audio tapes transcripts of main conspirators of Abhinav Bharat which indicated involvement of Military intelligence officers with the Abhinav Bharat group in their January 2011 edition.[51]
In January 2013, Indian Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde accused Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Bharatiya Janata Party for setting up camps to train Hindu Terrorism including planting bombs in 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings, Mecca Masjid bombing and 2006 Malegaon blasts.Shinde said "Reports have come during investigation that BJP and RSS conduct terror training camps to spread terrorism ... Bombs were planted in Samjhauta express, Mecca Masjid and also a blast was carried out in Malegaon," .He also added, "This is saffron terrorism that I have talked about. It is the same thing and nothing new."[52]. A few days later, Indian Home Secretary Raj Kumar Singh released the names of 10 people, who were involved in the blasts, also alleged to have been involved with the RSS at some point or the other.[53]
According to some released documents by WikiLeaks, Congress(I) party's general secretary Rahul Gandhi remarked to US Ambassador Timothy Roemer, at a luncheon hosted by Prime Minister of India at his residence in July 2009, that R.S.S. was a "bigger threat" to India than theLashkar-e-Tayiba. RSS spokesman Panchjanya responded that the statement showed that Gandhi "is totally unaware of the history of Hindutva as well as the concept of nationalism."[54]
At The Annual Conference of Director General of Police held in New Delhi on 16 September 2011, a special director of the Intelligence Bureau (IB) reportedly informed the state police chiefs that the Hindutva activists have either been suspected or are under investigation in 16 incidents of bomb blasts in the country.[55][56]
[edit]Organizations and alleged people
The following organizations are alleged to be involved in acts of terrorism attributable to Hindu nationalism:
- Abhinav Bharat - Notable members: Sadhvi Pragya Singh Thakur, Lt. Col Prasad Shrikant Purohit, Swami Aseemanand
Two persons with alleged links to the Hindutva organization Sanatan Sanstha were sentenced to 10 years in jail for planting explosives and causing an explosion in various theatres in Thane and Vasai.[57]
[edit]Usage
The first known use of the term "Saffron Terror" is from an 2002 article in Frontline in reference to 2002 Gujarat Riots.[58] However it was in the aftermath of the September 29, 2008 bomb blast in the predominantly Muslim town of Malegaon in Maharashtra that these terms came to be used widely.[59] In late 2008, Indian police arrested members of a Hindu radical cell allegedly involved in an attack Malegaon which killed 7 Muslims.[60] For incidents like these, Saffron terror has been used synonymously with "Anti-Muslim terrorism" or "Anti-Muslim reprisals"[61] and also as Hindu terrorism.[62]
The current Home Minister of India, P. Chidambaram urged Indians to beware of "Saffron terror" on August 25, 2010 at a meeting of state police chiefs in New Delhi.[5] This was the first time the word was "officially" used by the Government of India.[1] Since making the remark, a Hindu Swamiin the Patan district has filed a defamation lawsuit against Chidambaram, on the grounds that the saffron color is a conventional Hindu symbol and worn regularly by Hindu religious clergy, and that Chidambaram has hurt the sentiments of Hindus by linking the symbol to terrorism.[63]Chidambaram responded by stating "I cannot claim patent on the phrase."[64] On September 6, 2010 a Gujarat court ordered a probe into the use of the term by Chidambaram.[65] Chidambaram was also criticized by members of his own party (the Indian National Congress) for the use of the term, with Congress spokesman Janardhan Dwivedi claiming "terrorism does not have any colour other than black".[66]
India is in something of a state of shock after learning from official sources that its first Hindu terror cell may have carried out a series of deadly bombings that were initially blamed on militant Muslims. The revelation is forcing the country to consider some difficult questions.
At least 10 people have been arrested in connection with several bomb blasts in the Muslim-dominated town of Malegaon in the western state of Maharashtra in September, which left six people dead. But reports suggest that police believe the cell may also have carried out a number of previous attacks, including last year's notorious bombing of a cross-border train en route to Pakistan, which killed 68 people. Among the alleged members of the cell are a serving army officer and a Hindu monk.
Bomb attacks are not uncommon in India – there has been a flurry in recent months – but police usually blame them on Muslim extremists, often said to have links to militant groups based in either Pakistan or Bangladesh. As a result, the recent cracking of the alleged Hindu cell has forced India to face some difficult issues. A country that prides itself on purported religious and cultural toleration – an ambition that in reality often falls short – has been made to ask itself how this cell could operate for so long. India's military, which prides itself on i
ts professionalism, has been forced to order an embarrassing inquiry.
The near-daily drip of revelations from police has also caused red faces for India's main political opposition, the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), ahead of state polls and a general election scheduled for early next year. The BJP and its prime ministerial candidate, Lal Krishna Advani, have long accused the Congress Party-led government of being soft on terrorism that involved Muslims. However, the BJP has refused to call for a clampdown on Hindu groups, and last week Mr Advani even criticised the police over the way they questioned one of the alleged cell members, a woman called Sadhvi Pragya Singh Thakur.
The Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh, phoned his rival to ask him not to politicise the issue or the investigation. "There is a strong case so let the police do their job," he told Mr Advani. While some commentators have expressed surprise about the discovery of the alleged cell, others have pointed out that there has been growing concern about the possible threat from Hindu extremists. In the summer, two members of a right-wing Hindu group were killed while putting together a bomb, and two other suspected members of the same group died in similar circumstances in 2006.
Meanwhile, senior right-wing leaders have made no secret of their wish that Hindus should form suicide squads to protect themselves against Muslim extremists. Bal Thackeray, leader of a group called the Shiv Sena, which has been responsible for communal and regional violence in Mumbai, wrote recently in the party's magazine: "The threat of Islamic terror in India is rising. It is time to counter the same with Hindu terror. Hindu suicide squads should be readied to ensure the existence of Hindu society and to protect the nation."
Observers say the fact that the police have arrested the alleged cell members amid considerable political pressure suggests the growing professionalism of its security forces. "It's the first Hindu cell and it's the first time Hindus have been shackled and taken to jail," said Professor Dipankar Gupta, a sociologist at Delhi's Jawarlahal Nehru University. "I'm quite pleased with the way the police have done their jobs."
Is it ironical when United States terms India's indigenous terror as Hindu terrorism as its President Barack Obama preaches a noble concept of 'Terrorism has no religion'. Amidst heated arguments on the controversial topic of 'saffron terrorism' in the country, the latest U.S. Congressional report on India says militant Hindu nationalist groups are planning on launching domestic terrorist attacks. The report, however, acknowledge that 'Hindu Terrorism' has became a new and highly controversial phrase in India's national language.
The independent and bipartisan wing of the U.S. Congress, CRS prepares periodic reports on various issues of interest to the lawmakers and the India report was made public by the Federation of American Scientists (FAS). "Even more recent are overt signs that India is home to militant Hindu nationalist groups intent on launching domestic terrorist attacks. In September 2008, seven people were killed by two bomb blasts in Maharashtra's Malegaon, a hotbed of Hindu-Muslim communal strife," the report said. "Many Indian observers warned of the danger of a 'militant majoritarianism' among Hindu nationalists that threatens to rend the secular fabric of the nation," reports PTI quoting the CSR study.
Friday, October 09, 2020
Wednesday, March 29, 2017
Friday, March 03, 2017
Malayalam names of Herbal plants
Malayalam names of Herbal plants
List of Herbal Plants in Malayalam, Names of Medicinal Plants in Malayalam Alphabetic order
Click on the names to find the details
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Hummingbird tree, Sesban |
Sesbania Grandiflora (Linn.) Pior. Papilionaceae |
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Indian Walnut, Candle-Nut |
Aleurites Moluccana Willd. |
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Aloe Wood, Eagle Wood |
Aquilaria Agallocha Roxb. Thymelacaceae |
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Pellitory, Mount Atlas daisy |
Anacylus Pyrethrum Dc. Compositae Asteraceae |
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Fire Flame Bush, Downy Grislea |
Woodfordia Fruticosa, Floribunda Lythraceae |
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Governor’s Plum |
Flacourtia Ramoutchi Fam., Indica Merr. |
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Sage Leaves |
Alangium Salviifolium Wang. |
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Yam, Air potato |
Dioscorea Bulbifera Linn. Dioscoriaceae |
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Ada-koden-Adapathiyan, Jeevanti, Ksheerini |
Holostemma Annularis, Asclepias Asclepiadaceae |
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Goat’s Food Creeper |
Ipomoea Perscaprae (Linn.)/ Biloba Forssk. |
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East Indian Globe Thistle |
Sphaeranthus Indicus Linn., Hirtus Willd. |
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Betel Nut- Seed |
Aracanut |
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Basket ferns, Oak leaf Fern |
Dryhnaria Quercifolia, Polypodium Quercifolium |
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Poison Devil tree |
Alstonia Venenata R. Br. Apocynaceae |
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Cluster Fig, Country Fig |
Ficus Racemosa Linn. , Glomerata |
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Indian Aconite |
Aconitum Ferox Wall., Nepillus Linn. Ranunculaceae |
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Angular Curved Physic Nut |
Jatropha Curcas Linn. Euphorbiaceae |
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Appa Grass |
Ageratum Conyzoides Linn. Asteraceae |
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Indian Hog Plum, Wild Mango |
Spondias Pinnata, Mangifera Willd. Anacardiaceae |
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Wild mussaenda |
Mussaendra Frondosa Linn. , Flavescens Rubiaceae |
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അമര |
Flat Bean, Goa Bean, Indian Bean |
Dolichos Lablab Linn. |
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Heartleaf Moonseed, Giloy |
Tinospora Cordifolia Miers Menispermaceae |
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Kings’ Cumin, Bishop’s Weed |
Trachispermum Amami Linn. Sprague. Umbelliferae |
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Ayapana Tea |
Eupatorium Triplinerve Vahl., Ayapan Compositae |
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Mountain Ebony |
Bauhinia Racemosa Roxb. Leguminosae |
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Mast Tree, Cemetery Tree |
Polyalthia Longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites |
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Cardamom ginger, Greater galangal |
Alpinia Calcarata |
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Zadoary (Root), Spiked Ginger Lily |
Hedychium Spicatum |
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Sacred Fig, Peepal Tree |
Ficus Religiosa Linn. Urticaceae |
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Indian Oleander, Rose Berry |
Nerium Indicum Mill. , Odorum Soland. |
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Wild Sage, Lantana Weed |
Lantana Camara Linn. , Aculeata Verbenaceae |
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Garden Rue |
Ruta Graveolens Linn, Chalepensis Rutaceae |
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Wild jute-Mallow leaves |
Corchorus Acutangulus, Aestuans Tiliaceae |
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Marking Nut Fruit |
Semecarpus Anacardium |
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Alkaliweeds |
Cressa Cretica Linn. Convolvulaceae |
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Winter Cherry, Indian Ginseng |
Withania Somnifera (L.) Dunal. |
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Ashoka Tree |
Saraca Indica Linn, Asoka Wilde Caesalpiniaceae |
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Malabar Nut |
Adhatoda Vasaka Nees, Justica Adhatoda Linn. |
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Crepe Ginger Rhizome |
Costos Speciosus |
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Elephant’s Foot, Prickly Leaves |
Elephantopus Scaber Linn. Compositae |
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Elephant pepper, Galapippaly |
Scindapsus Officinalis Schott. Araceae |
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Climbing Arroid |
Pothos Scandens |
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Water-Lilly |
Nymphaea Stellata, Euryale Ferox |
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White Water Lily |
Nymphaea Alba Linn.Castalia Alba |
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Hijjal, Freshwater Mangrove |
Barringtonia Acutangula Gaertn. Myrtaceae |
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Attuvanchi |
Homonoia Riparia Lour. Euphorbiaceae |
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Indian trumpet, Broken born |
Oroxylum Indicum |
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Ricinus Communis |
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Mature Tea Tree, Tanner’s Cassia |
Cassia Auriculata Linn. Caesalpiniaceae |
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Indian Elm |
Holopteila Integrifolia |
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Garden Cress, Water Cress |
Lepidium Sativum |
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Soap bark |
Acacia Caesia Willd., Intsia Mimosaceae |
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Ginger |
Zinziber Officinalis Rosc. , Linn. |
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Round Zedoary, white turmeric |
Curcuma Zedoria Rosc. Scitaminaceae |
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East Indian Screw Tree |
Helicteres isora |
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Malabar leaf, Indian bark. |
Cinnamomum Tamala Nees & Eberm. Lauraceae |
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ഇത്തിൾ |
Loranthus |
Dendrophthoe Falcata, Loranthus Coriaceus |
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Bitter Apple |
Citrullus Colocynthis Schrad. Cucurbitaceae |
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Licorice |
Glycyrrhiza Glabra Linn. Papilionaceae |
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ഇരവി |
Indian Gamboge |
Garcinia Morella Desr. Guttiferae |
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ഇരുമ്പുരുക്കി |
Bollywood, bollygum |
Litsea Glutinosa C. B. Robins Lauraceae |
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Iruvale |
Coleus Vettiveroides, Plectranthus Vettiveroides |
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Milk Hedge |
Euphorbia Neriifolia |
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Bullet-Wood Tree |
Mimusops Elengi Linn. Sapotaceae |
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Jujube, Chinese Date |
Zizyphus Jujuba Lam. Non Mill. , Vulgaris Lam. |
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Bamboo |
Bambusa Bambos |
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Silk Cotton Tree |
Bombax Malabaricum Schott & Endl. |
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Indian Butter Tree, South Indian Mahua |
Madhuca Longifolia Linn. , Bassia Longifulia |
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Country Goose Berry, Bilimbi, Tree sorrel |
Averrhoa Acida Oxalidaceae |
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Black Wood, Rose Wood |
Dalbergia Sissoo Roxb. Papilionaceae |
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Sago palm, Queen sago |
Cycas Circinalis Linn. Cycadaceae |
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Wild Date, Date Sugar Palm |
Phoenix Sylvestris Roxb. Palmae |
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Indian Birthwort |
Aristolochia Indica Linn. Aristolochiaceae |
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Raisin, Dry Grapes |
Vitis Vinifera |
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Jew Mallow |
Grewia Populifolia Tiliaceae |
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White Mangrove |
Avicennia Officinalis |
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ഉപ്പുചീര |
Sand Herbage |
Gisekia Pharnaceoides Linn. Ficoidaceae |
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Fenugreek |
Trigonella Foenum-Graecum Linn. Papilionaceae |
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Green Gram, Black Gram |
Phaseolus Mungo Linn. , Vigna Mungo Hepper |
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Madagascar Periwinkle |
Catharanthus Roseus G.Don. , Vinca Rosea Linn. |
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Yellow Thistle, Mexican Poppy |
Argemone Mexicana Linn. Papaveraceae |
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Roughleaved fig, creeping fig |
Ficus Hispida Linn. Urticaceae |
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Indian caper |
Capparis Zeylanica |
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Salaretin |
Salacia Reticulata Wight |
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Green Cardamom (Small) |
Elettaria Cardamomum Maton Scitaminaceae |
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Devil Tree, Shaitan Wood |
Alstonia Scholaris Linn. Apocynaceae |
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Oris Root |
Iris Vesicolor Thunb. , Germanica Linn. Iridaceae |
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Camel thorn, Persian Manna Plant |
Alhagi Pseudalhagi Desv. , Maurorum Desv. |
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ഒടിയന്മരം |
Woodier, Indian Ash Tree |
Lannea Grandis Engl., Odina Woodier Roxb. |
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Dog-Bane, Odallum Tree |
Cerbera Odollam Gaertn. Apocynaceae |
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Panicled Foldwing |
Peristrophe Paniculata |
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Bharang |
Clerodendron Serratum |
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Hill glory bower |
Clerodendrum Infortunatum Linn., Viscosum Vent. |
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Monkey’s bridge |
Sarcostigma Kleinii W&A. Icacinaceae |
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Papaya |
Carica Papaya Linn. Caricaceae |
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Desmodium |
Desmodium Gangeticum |
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ഓറഞ്ച് |
Loose-Skinned Orange, mandarin orange |
Citrus Reticulata Rutaceae |
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കംബിളിനാരങ്ങ |
Pomelo, Shaddock |
Citrus Decumana Linn. Rutaceae |
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Kachapatta |
Pittosporum Tetraspermum |
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Aromatic ginger, Kencur, Sand ginger |
Kaempferia Galanga Linn., Curcuma Zedoria |
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Indian Hemp, Ganja, greengrass |
Cannabis Indica Linn. , Sativa Urticaceae |
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കടപ്ലാവ് |
Breadfruit tree |
Artocarpus Communis Forst. , Incisus Linn. F. |
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Wild Cinchona, Kadam tree |
Anthocephalus Cadamba |
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കടൽത്തെങ്ങ് |
Sea Coconut Palm, Double Coconut Palm |
Lodoicea Sechellarum, Maldivica Pers. Arecaceae |
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കടല |
Chicken Pea, Bengal Gram |
Cicer Arietinum Linn. Papilionaceae |
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Purgative Croton |
Croton Tiglium Linn. Euphorbiaceae |
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Brown Mustard, Indian Mustard |
Brassica Juncea Linn. Cruciferae |
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Chebulic Myrobalan |
Chebulic Myrobalan, Terminalia Chebula |
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Indian Solanum, Yellow-Berried Nightshade |
Solanum Xanthocarpum Schrad, Surattense Burm. |
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Primrose Willow |
ludwigia hyssopifolia |
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India Laburnum, Purging Cassia |
Cassia Fistula Linn. Caesalpiniaceae, |
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Banana |
Musa Paradisiaca |
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Porcupine flower |
Barleria Prionitis Linn. Acanthaceae |
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കപ്പ |
Tapioca |
Manihot Esculenta Crantz, Utilissima Pohl |
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Papaya |
Carica Papaya Linn. Caricaceae |
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False Daisy |
Eclipta Alba Hassk. , Prostrata Linn. Compositae |
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ക്യാരറ്റ് |
Carrot |
Daucas Carota Linn. Umbelliferae |
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Water Chestnut |
Scirpus Kysoor, Grossus Linn. Cyperaceae |
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Sahachara, kurinji, Blue fox tail |
Nilgirianthus Ciliatus / Strobilanthes Ciliatus |
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Bael |
Aegle Marmelos Corr. Ex. Roxb. Rutaceae |
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Black cumin seed |
Carom Bulbocastanum, Nigella Sativa |
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Black Catechu, Cutch Tree |
Acacia Catechu |
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Niepa Bark Tree |
Samadera Iindica Gaertn / Quassia Indica Gaertn. |
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Caraway Seeds |
Carum carvi |
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Five-Leaved Chaste Tree |
Vitex Negundo Linn. Verbenaceae |
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Sugar Cane, Sucanat, Turbinado |
Saccharum Officinarum Linn. Gramineae |
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Palmyra Palm, toddy palm, sugar palm |
Borassus Flabellifera Linn., Blabelliformis Palmae |
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Indian Water Chestnut, Caltrop |
Trapa Natans Linn., Bispinosa Roxb. Trapaceae |
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Terminalia Crenulata Roth Combretaceae |
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Giant potato |
Ipomea Mauritiana |
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Black Creeper |
Ichnocarpus Frutescens (Linn.) |
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Red sandal |
Pterocarpus Santalinus |
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Vitex Agnus, Chastetree |
Vitex Agnus Castus – Verbenaceae |
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കർക്കടക ശ്രുംഘി |
Crab’s Claw, Gall’s |
Rhus Succedanea Linn. Anacardiaceae |
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കർകടകശ്രിംഘി |
Zebra wood |
Pistacia Integerrima |
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Camphor |
Cinnamomum Camphora Nees & Eberm. |
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Thick-Leaved Lavender |
Anisochilus Carnosus Wall. Labiatae |
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Saffron-Poppy |
Crocus Sativus |
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Opium, White Poppy |
Papaver Somniferum Linn. Papaveraceae |
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Curry Leaves |
Bergera KoenigiiLinn. , Murraya Koenigii |
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Bermuda Grass |
Cynodon Dactylon Pers. Gramineae |
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Cinnamon |
Cinnamomum Zeylanicum Breyn., Verum Presl. |
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Camphor bark |
Cinnamomum Tamala |
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കൽചെട |
Clubmoss Spores |
Lycopodium Clavatum Linn. Lycopodiaceae |
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കല്ലുവേങ്ങ |
Sandan |
Ougeinia Dalbergioides Benth., Oojeinensis |
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Blistering Ammania, Aquatic Rotula |
Ammania Baccifera Linn. Ssp. / Rotula aquatica |
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കള്ളിമുള്ള് |
Prickly Pear, Indian fig opuntia, barbary fig |
Opuntia Dillenii Haw. , Cactus Indicus Cactaceae |
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Bonducella Nut, Fever Nut, Grey Nicker |
Caesalpinia Crista Linn. , Bonduc |
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Cashew Nut |
Anacardium Occidentale Linn. Anacardiaceae |
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Bicolor Persian Violet |
Exacum bicolor |
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Wild Turmeric, Yellow Zedoary |
Curcuma Aromatica Salisb. Scitaminaceae |
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Musk Mallow |
Hibiscus Abelmoschus Linn., Abelmoschus Moschatus |
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Forest Pepper, Wild Orange Tree, Orange climber |
Toddalia Asiatica (Linn.) Lam. , Aculeata Pers. |
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Kakoli |
Fritillaria Roylei |
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Nux vomica, Poison Nut tree |
Strychnos Nuxvomica Linn. Loganiaceae |
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Hairy Fig, devil fig |
Ficus Hispida |
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Dog Mustard, African spider-flower |
Cleome Gynandra, Viscosa Linn. |
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Saccharum Spontaneum Linn. Gramineae |
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Orange Jasmine |
Murraya paniculata |
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Wild Pepper |
Piper Chaba Hunter, Brachystachyum Wall. |
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Pointed Gourd |
Coccinia Indica Wight & Arun, Cordifolia |
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Coix Lacryma-Jobi Linn., L. Lacryma Linn. |
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Bombay Mace, False Nutmeg |
Myristica Malabarica Lam. Myristicaceae |
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Wild cumin |
Centratherum, Vernonia Anthelminticum Kuntze |
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Shrubby Basil |
Ocimum Gratissimum Linn., Frutescens Labiatae |
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Salvia Plebeia R. Br. Labiatae |
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Wild Snake Gourd |
Trichosanthes Dioica, Lobata Roxb. |
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Phaseolus Trilobus / Vigna Vexillatta |
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കാട്ടുപുതിന |
Corn Mint, wild mint |
Mentha Arvensis Linn. Labiatae |
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Jasminum Angustifolium (Linn.) Willd. Oleaceae |
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Indian Squill |
Urginea Indica Kunth Liliaceae |
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Wild blackgram |
Teramnus Labialis Spreng. Papilionaceae |
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Cayenne, Birdeye chilly |
Capsicum Annum Linn. Solanaceae |
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കാബേജ് |
Cabbage |
Brassica Oleracea Linn. Cruciferae |
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Asa foetida |
Ferula Asa Foetida |
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Trumpet Flower Tree, Yellow Snake Tree |
Stereospermum Suaveolens, Colais Ham. |
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Caper Plant, Karir |
Capparis Decidua (Forsk.) Edgew., Aphylla Roth |
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Purple Fleabane, Babchi Seeds, Psoralea |
Psoralea Corylifolia Linn. Papilionaceae |
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Chireta, The creat |
Swertia Chirata Buch-Ham Gentianaceae |
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Indian Gentian |
Gentiana Kurroo Royle. Gentianaceae |
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Brown Hemp, Flax Hemp, Blue Rattleweed |
Crotalaria Verrucosa Papilionaceae |
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Black Oil plant, Intellect tree |
Celastrus Paniculata Willd. , Cardiospermum |
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Mongoose Plant |
Ophiorrhiza Mungos Linn. Rubiaceae |
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Stonebreaker, seed-under-leaf, Gulf Leaf |
Phyllanthus Niruri |
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Saffron |
Crocus Sativus Linn. Irideae |
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Saffron |
Crocus Sativus Linn. Irideae |
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Pot tamerind, Indian garcinia |
Garcinia Gummi-Gutta (Linn.) Robs. Guttiferae |
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Easter tree, Kurchi, Snow flake tree |
Holarrhena Antidysenterica (White) Wall. |
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Hellbore |
Picrorrhiza Kurroa Royle Ex Benth. |
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Kutki |
Andrographis Paniculata |
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Mouse Ear Wort, Indian Pennywort |
Merremia Emarginata (Burm.F.) Hall.F. |
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Arabian Jasmine, Tuscan Jasmine |
Jasminum Sambac Ait. Oleaceae |
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Indian Olibaum, Indian Frankincense |
Boswellia Serrata Roxb. Burseraceae |
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Indian Licorice, Crab’s eye plant |
Abrus Precatorius Linn. Tiliaceae |
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India Acalypha |
Acalypha Indica Linn. Euphorbiaceae |
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Ash gourd |
Benincasa Hispida Cogn., Cerifera |
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Wite teak, Beechwood |
Gmelina Arborea |
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Arnotta Plant, Aploppas, Lipstic tree |
Bixa Orellana Linn. Bixaceae |
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Black Pepper |
Piper Nigrum Linn. Piperaceae |
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Henbane, Black Henbane |
Hyocyamus Reticulatus Linn. , Niger Solanaceae |
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Country Mallow, Arrow leaf sida |
Sida Rhombifolia Linn. Malvaceae |
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കൂണ് |
Mushroom, Touchwood |
Psolliota Campestris (Linn.) Fr. Agaricaceae |
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South Indian Uvaria |
Uvaria Narum Wall.Ex. Wight, Unona Narum Dun. |
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Arrow Root |
Maranta Arundinacea Linn./ Curcuma Angustifolia |
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Stone apple, Bael |
Aegle Marmelos |
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Small Fennel, Nigella Seed, Black Cumin |
Nigella Sativa Linn. Ranunculaceae |
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Blue Morning Glory, Krishnabeeja |
Ipomoea Hederacea Auct. Non Jacq. |
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കെടങ്ങ് |
Prickly Sesban |
Sesbania Bispinosa |
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Screw Pine |
Pandanus Tectorius Auct.Non Soland. |
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Pineapple |
Ananas Cosmus Merr., Sativus Linn. |
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കൈപ്പൻ |
Wild Sunflower |
Helianthus quinquelobus |
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Trichosanthus Palmata |
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കൈമരുത് |
Sal, Sala tree |
Shorea Robusta |
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Lantana Camara Linn. , Aculeata Verbenaceae |
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Indian Pennywort, Gotu Kola |
Centella, Hydrocotyle Asiatica Linn. Umbelliferae |
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Kuth Root, Costus |
Saussurea Lappa, Costus Speciosus Sm. Scitaminaceae |
|
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Climbing Nettle |
Tragia involucrata |
|
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കൊത്തമര |
Cluster Bean, Field Vetch |
Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba Taub., Psoralioides Dc. |
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Wild Indigo, Fish Poison |
Tephrosia Purpurea |
|
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Indian Parselane, pigweed, little hogweed |
Portulaca Oleraceae Linn. Portulacaceae |
|
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Ceylon Oak, Lac tree, Kusum tree |
Schleichera Oleosa Oken, Trijuga Willd. |
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കോലരക്ക് |
Shell lac |
Laccifer Lacca |
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Kachnar, Orchid Tree, Mountain Ebony |
Bauhinia Variegata |
|
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Citrus Medica Linn. Rutaceae |
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Dikamali-Gum Gardenia, Nanjundam |
Gardenia Gummifera Linn. F. Rubiaceae |
|
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Clove |
Syzygium Aromaticum Merr |
|
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ഗ്രീൻപീസ് |
Pea, Garden Pea |
Pisum Sativum Linn. Fabaceae |
|
Indian Birthwort |
Aristolochia Indica Linn. Aristolochiaceae |
|
|
ഗരുഡപച്ച |
Resurrection plant |
Selaginella rupestris |
|
Capparis Zeylanica |
||
|
Indian Bedellum, Gum Gugal |
Commiphora Mukul Engl. |
|
|
ഗോതമ്പ് |
Wheat, Beardless Wheat |
Triticum Aestivum Linn. Gramineae |
|
Periploca of The Woods |
Gymnema Sylvestre Br. |
|
|
Devil’s Backbone |
Cissus Quadrangularis |
|
|
ചണം |
Jute |
Corchorus Capsularis Linn. Tiliaceae- |
|
Indian Dill (Kind of Fenugreek) |
Anethum Sowa Kurz. , Peucedanum Graveolens |
|
|
Square milk hedge, Antique Spurge |
Euphorbia Antiquorum Linn. Euphorbiaceae |
|
|
Coromandel Gooseberry, Carambola Apple, Starfruit |
Averrhoa Carambola Linn. Oxalidaceae |
|
|
Chionanthus, Chaturamulla |
Myxopyrum Serratulum A.W.Hill Oleaceae |
|
|
Chandana-White-Sandal- |
Santalum Album Sandalwood |
|
|
Toona Ciliate Roem. , Cedrela Toona Roxb. |
||
|
Golden or Yellow Champa |
Michelia Champaca Linn. Magnoliaceae |
|
|
Chir pine, Longleaved pine |
Pinus Roxburghi / Longifolia |
|
|
ചാമ |
Little Millet |
Panicum Sumatrense Roth Ex. Roem. Et Schult., |
|
ചാമ്പ |
Water cherry, Bell cherry |
Zizigium Camini |
|
Asthma Weed, Snake Weed |
Euphorbia Hirta Linn. , Pilulifera Euphorbiaceae |
|
|
Lng Leaved Pine |
Pinus Longifolia |
|
|
Java Glangal |
Alpinia Calcarata |
|
|
Small Malabar nut |
Justicia Beddomei (Clarke) Bennet Acanthaceae |
|
|
Madder Plant |
Calotropis Procera Ait. Asclepiadaceae |
|
|
China root, Smilax China |
Smilax China Linn., Glabra Liliaceae |
|
|
ചീനികിഴങ്ങ് |
Sweet Potato |
Ipomoea Batatas (Linn.) Lam. |
|
Nyalei, Punniyava |
Aglaia Roxburghiana |
|
|
Acacia Concinna Dc. Mimosaceae |
||
|
Egg plant |
Solanum Melongena Linn. / Solanum Xanthocarpum |
|
|
ചുരയ്ക്ക |
White Pumpkin, Bottle gourd |
Cucurbita Lagrenaria Linn. Cucurbitaceae |
|
Ayapana Tea |
Eupatorium Triplinerve Vahl., Ayapan Compositae |
|
|
Red leadwort |
Plumbago Rossea |
|
|
Tree orchid, Mountain Ebony |
Bauhinia Variegata |
|
|
ചൂരൽ |
Common Rattan palms, Chooral |
Calamus Rotang Linn. Palmae |
|
Indian Crocus, Blackthorn |
Kaempferia Rotunda Linn.& K.Longa. Scitaminaceae |
|
|
ചെഞ്ചല്യം |
Sal, Sala tree |
Shorea Robusta |
|
ചെണ്ടുമല്ലി, ബന്തി |
French Marigold |
Tagetus Erecta Linn. Compositae |
|
ചെണ്ടൂരകം |
Safflower, Parrot Seed, Wild Saffron |
Carthamus Tinctorius Linn. Compositae |
|
Jungle Geranium, Sacred Ixora |
Ixora Coccinea Linn. Rubiaceae |
|
|
Rosy-Flowered Leadwort, Fire Plant |
Plumbago Indica Linn., Rosea Linn. Plumbaginaceae |
|
|
India Senna, Tinnevelly Senna |
Cassia Angustifolia Wahl., Senna Linn. |
|
|
Hibiscus |
Rosa Sinensis |
|
|
ചെമ്പ്ലാവ് |
Cork-leaved bayur, Chemplavu |
Pterospermum Suberifolium Lam |
|
Small Caltrops |
Tribulus Terrestris Linn. |
|
|
Velvet Leaf |
Cissampelos Pareira Linn. Menispermaceae |
|
|
Small Prickly Chaff-Flower Plant |
Cyathula Prostrata ln, Desmochaeta Prostrata |
|
|
Flax Plant, Linseed |
Linum Usitatissimum Linn. Linaceae |
|
|
Lemon tree, Sour Orange, Seville Orange |
Citrus Aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle Rutaceae |
|
|
Lemon Juice |
Citric acid |
|
|
Tick Clover |
Desmodium Triflorum (Linn.) Dc. Fabaceae |
|
|
Goose Foot, Wild Spinach |
Chenopodium Album Linn. Chenopodiaceae |
|
|
Berberis Aristata |
||
|
Mountain Knotgrasss |
Aerva Lanata-Cheroola |
|
|
Elephant foot yam |
Amorphophallus Campanulatus Blume |
|
|
Greater Yam, Asiatic Yam |
Dioscorea Alata Linn. Dioscoriaceae |
|
|
Caravalla Seeds, Shona cabbage |
Gynandropsis Gynandra Capparidaceae |
|
|
Great-Leaved Caladium, Giant Taro |
Alocasia Macrorrhiza, Colocasia Esculenta (Linn.) Aroidaceae |
|
|
Indian Laurel, Curtain fig |
Ficus Microcarpa Linn.F. Moraceae |
|
|
Indian Valerian |
Valerian Wallichi Dc. Valerianaceae |
|
|
Nutmeg |
Myristica Fragrans Houtt. Myristicaceae |
|
|
Cumin |
Cuminum Cyminum Linn. Umbelliferae |
|
|
Dubard |
Microstylis Wallichii- Root |
|
|
Garden angelica, Wild celery, Njara, Selinum |
Angelica Archengelica Linn., Selinum Tenuifolium |
|
|
Leea Indica |
Sambucina Linn. Leeaceae |
|
|
Beauty berry |
Callicarpa Macrophylla Vahl. Verbenaceae |
|
|
Black Plum |
Eugenia Jambolana Lam., Syzgium Cumini Linn. |
|
|
Country Gooseberry |
Physalis Minima Linn. Solanaceae |
|
|
Puncture Vine, Small Caltrops |
Tribulus Terrestris Linn. Zygophyllaceae |
|
|
Slender Carpetweed |
Mollugo Cerviana Ser. Ficoidaceae |
|
|
തക്കാളി |
Tomato |
Lycopersicum Esculentum Mill. |
|
Star Anise Of China |
Illicium Verum Hook.F. Magnoliaceae |
|
|
Fetid Cassia, Ringworm Plant |
Cassia Tora Linn. , Toroides , Fetida, Obtusifol |
|
|
തണ്ണിമത്തൻ |
Watermelon |
Citrullus Vulgaris Var. , Cucurbitaceae |
|
തയ്ക്കുമ്പളം |
Sweet Melon, Musk Melon |
Cucumis Melo Var. Memordica |
|
Indian Jalap, Turpeth |
Ipomoea Turpethum Linn. , Operculina Ipomoea |
|
|
Heliotrope, Indian Turnsole |
Heliotropium Indicum Linn. Boraginaceae |
|
|
Hogg Weed |
Boerhaavia Diffusa Linn. Nyctaginaceae |
|
|
Beach Almond, Beleric |
Belliric Myrobalan Fruit Rind Terminalia Bellirica |
|
|
Sacred Lotus |
Nelumbium Speciosum Willd. , Nucifera |
|
|
Pollen Of Lotus |
Nelumbo Nucifera |
|
|
Shaggy Button-weed |
Spermacoce Hispida Linn. , Borreria Hispida K.Schum. |
|
|
Arrow-leaf Morning Glory |
Paederia Foetida Linn. Rubiaceae |
|
|
Himalayan Silver Fir |
Abies Webbiana Lindl. , Spectabilis G. Don. |
|
|
Small Flowered Poison Sumac |
Rhus Parviflora Roxb. Anacardiaceae |
|
|
തിന |
Foxtail Millet, Italian Millet |
Setaria Italica Beauv. Gramineae |
|
Pippali Long Pepper Fruit |
Piper Longum |
|
|
Heart leaf glory |
Ipomoea Sepiaria Roxb. , Acut.Non (Linn.F.) |
|
|
Thumbe |
Leucas Cephalotus Spreng. Aspera Link Labiatae |
|
|
Holy Basil, Tulsi |
Ocimum Sanctum Linn. Labiatae |
|
|
Pigeon Pea |
Cajanus Cajan Mills, Papilionaceae |
|
|
St. Thomas lid pod, turpeth |
Operculina Turpethum |
|
|
Indian trueperth |
Ipomoea Turpethum |
|
|
Coconut palm, Asphalt |
Nelumbo Nucifera /Asphaltum |
|
|
Palmarosa -Gingergrass |
Cymbopogan Martini |
|
|
Rosha Grass, Rusa Grass |
Cymbopogon Martinii Wats |
|
|
Teak |
Tectona Grandis Linn. F. Verbenaceae |
|
|
Mineral Pitch, Asphalt |
Asphaltum |
|
|
തേയില |
Tea Plant |
Camellia Sinensis O. Kuntze, |
|
Strychnos Potatorum Loganiaceae |
||
|
Lemon Grass |
Andropogon Citratus Dc. , Cymbopogon Citratus Stapf |
|
|
Sensitive Plant |
Mimosa Pudica Linn. Leguminosae |
|
|
Hairy Fig, devil fig |
Ficus Hispida |
|
|
Sacrificial Grass |
Desmostachya Bipinnata Staff |
|
|
Fagonia Cretica, Arabica Linn. Zygophyllaceae |
||
|
നനകിഴങ്ങ് |
Yam, Lesser Yam |
Dioscorea Esculenta Dioscoriaceae |
|
Indian Rosebay, Pinwheel flower |
Tabernaemontana Divaricata R.Br.Ex Roem. & S |
|
|
Indian Spikenard, Musk Root |
Nardostachys Jatamamsi Dc |
|
|
Indian Sarsaparila |
Hemidesmus Indicus |
|
|
നറുവരി |
Indian cherry, Clammy cherry |
Cordia Dichotoma |
|
Cylon ironwood |
Mesua Ferrea Stamen |
|
|
Wild Castor, Red Physic Nut- |
Baliospermum Montanum Muell. Arg. , Axillare |
|
|
Iron Wood Tree, Cobra’s Saffron |
Mesua Ferrea Linn., Nagassarium-Guttiferae |
|
|
Alexandrian Laurel |
Ochrocarpus Longifolius Benth. & Hook. F. Guttiferae |
|
|
Gulsakri, Nagabala |
Grewia Hirsuta Vahl Tiliaceae |
|
|
Snake Jasmine, Dainty Spurs |
Rhinacanthus Communis |
|
|
CowPlant, Cowhage |
Mucuna Pruriens Dc., Dolicos Pruriens |
|
|
Indian Lemon |
Citrus Limonum Burm. Or Sp. Risso. Rutaceae |
|
|
Four-leaf clover, Pepperwort |
Marselia Minuta Marsiliaceae |
|
|
Mirabilis Jalapa Linn. Nyctaginaceae |
||
|
നിർവാസി |
Nirbishi |
Delphinium Denudatum Wall. Ex Hook |
|
Little tree plant, Biophytum |
Biophytum Candolleanum |
|
|
നിലക്കടല |
Peanut, Ground Nut, Monkey Nut |
Arachis Hypogaea Linn. Fabaceae |
|
Goanese Ipecacuanha |
Naregamla Alata W&A. Meliaceae |
|
|
Black Musale, Golden eye-grass |
Curculigo Orchioides Gaertn. Amaryllidaceae |
|
|
Tick Clover |
Desmodium Triflorum (Linn.) Dc. Fabaceae |
|
|
India Senna, Tinnevelly Senna |
Cassia Angustifolia Wahl., Senna Linn. |
|
|
നീരാരൽ |
Uttanjan |
Blepharis Edulis Pers. Acanthaceae |
|
നീർതൊട്ടാവാടി |
Sensitive Water Plant |
Neptunia Oleracea Lour. Mimosaceae |
|
Arjuna Myrobalan |
Terminalia Arjuna Wight. & Am. Combretaceae |
|
|
Three-Leaved Caper |
Crataeva Nurvala , Religiosa |
|
|
Indigo plant |
Indigofera Aspalathoides Vahl. Papilionaceae |
|
|
Pigweed, little hogweed |
Portulaca Quadrifida Linn. |
|
|
Blue leadwort, Cape leadwort |
Plumbago auriculata |
|
|
Curcuma Starch, Indian Arrowroot |
Curcuma Angustifolia Roxb. Scitaminaceae |
|
|
True Indigo, Indian Indigo |
Indigofera Tinctoria Linn. Papilionaceae |
|
|
Sirissa Tree, woman’s tongues tree |
Acacia Speciosa Linn./ Albizia lebbeck |
|
|
Creeping Cucumber, Diversely-leaved melothria |
Solena Amplexicaulis |
|
|
Paddy |
Oryza Sativa Linn. , Plena Chowdhury Poaceae |
|
|
Indian Goose Berry |
Emblica Officinalis |
|
|
Amla Indian Goose Berry |
Emblica Officinalis |
|
|
Wet Turmeric |
Turmeric-Curcuma Longa |
|
|
Lodh tree, Parala, Kamblivetti |
Symplocos Cochinchinensis |
|
|
Brazil Wood |
Caesalpinia Sappan Linn. Caesalpiniaceae |
|
|
പഞ്ഞപ്പുല്ല് |
Finger Millet, Indian Millet |
Eleusine Coracana (Linn.) Gaertn. |
|
Snake Cucumber |
Utilissimus (Roxb.) Cucurbitaceae |
|
|
Sappan Wood |
Caesalpina Sappan |
|
|
Gaub Tree, Ebony |
Diospyros Tomentosa Roxb. Ebenaceae |
|
|
Black maiden hair, fern |
Adiantum Lunulatum |
|
|
പന്നികിഴങ്ങു |
Vrddhi |
Habenaria Intermedia D.Don Orchidaceae |
|
Country Borage, Indian Borage |
Coleus Amboinicus Benth., Plectranthus |
|
|
Thick-Leaved Lavender |
Anisochilus Carnosus Wall. Labiatae |
|
|
Dandelion, Blow Ball |
Taraxacum Officinalis Weber Euphorbiaceae |
|
|
Two-Flowered Indian Madder |
Oldenlandia Corymbosa Linn. , Biflora, Herbacea |
|
|
Indian Tree Cotton |
Gossypium Arboreum Linn. Malvaceae |
|
|
പരുവമരം |
Siamese Rough-Bush |
Streblus Asper Linn. Urticaceae, Moraceae |
|
Common Fumitory |
Fumaria Indica Pungsley, Parviflora, Vaillantii |
|
|
Chashew Nut tree |
Anacardium Occidententale |
|
|
Bone Setter |
Vitis Quandrangularis Linn. , Wall. Vitaceae |
|
|
Bastard Teak, Flame of the forest |
Butea Monosperma Kuntze Frondosa |
|
|
Tapeworm Plant, Ribbon bush |
Muehlenbeckia Platy Clados |
|
|
Indian Spinach, Malabar Nightshade |
Basella Alba Linn. Chenopodiaceae |
|
|
Buckler-leaved moon |
Cyclea Peltata (Lam) Hook.F.& Thomas. |
|
|
Ash Sheora, Orange berry or Gin berry |
Glycosmis Arborea (Roxb.) Dc. Rutaceae |
|
|
പായൽ |
Duckweed, Vallisnaria, Soft hornwort |
Serratophyllum Submersom Lemanaceae |
|
പാരിജാതം |
Night Jasmine, Coral Jasmine |
Nyctanthes Arbor-Tristis Linn. Oleaceae |
|
Giant Potato, Wild Yam |
Ipomoea Mauritiana Jacq., Paniculata R. Br. |
|
|
China Root |
Smilax China Linn., Glabra Liliaceae |
|
|
Bitter Gourd, Carilla Fruit |
Momordica Charantia Linn. Cucurbitaceae |
|
|
Passion Flower |
Passiflora Incarnata Passifloraceae |
|
|
Royal jasmine, Spanish Jasmine |
Jasminum Grandiflorum Linn. Oleaceae |
|
|
പിനാർ |
Sap trees |
Garcinia Xanthochymus Hook. Guttiferae |
|
പിയർ |
Pear |
Pyrus Communis Linn. Rosaceae |
|
Tooth brush tree, Vaan, Peelu |
Salvadora Oleoides Dene. Salvadoraceae |
|
|
പീച്ച് |
Peach |
Prunus Persica Stokes Rosaceae |
|
Ridged gourd, Sponge gourd |
Luffa Amara Roxb. , Plucketiana, Foetida |
|
|
Wash Sponge, Sponge Gourd, Vegetable Sponge |
Luffa Cylindrica Linn. Cucurbitaceae |
|
|
Bitter cucumber, Desert gourd |
Citrullus Colocynthis |
|
|
പുകയില |
Tobacco |
Nicotiana Tabacum Linn. Solanaceae |
|
Bristly Luffa |
Luffa Echinata Roxb. Cucurbitaceae |
|
|
Wild Himalayan Cherry |
Prunus Cerasoides- Prunus Mahalab |
|
|
Spearmint |
Mentha Spicia (Spicate), Viridis, Sylvestris Linn. |
|
|
Peppermint |
Mentha Piperita Linn. Labiatae |
|
|
Alexandrian Laurel |
Ochrocarpus Longifolius Benth. & Hook. F. Guttiferae |
|
|
പുലതാലി |
Poison Bulb, Giant Crinum Lily |
Crinum Asiaticum Linn. Amaryllidaceae |
|
Paper flower climber, Ukshi |
Calycopteris Floribunda Lamk. Combretaceae |
|
|
Veins Of Tamarind Leaves |
Tamarindus Indicus |
|
|
പുളിഞ്ചിക്കായ് |
Gamboge |
Garcinia Morella |
|
Indian Sorrel |
Oxalis Corniculata Linn. Geraniaceae |
|
|
Black Siris |
Albizzia Odoratissima (Linn. F.) Benth. Mimosaceae |
|
|
Pushkar |
Inula Racemosa Hook.F. Asteraceae |
|
|
Job’s Tear |
Coix Lacryma-Jobi Linn. , L. Lacryma Linn. |
|
|
Portia Tree, Indian tulip tree |
Thespesia Populnea |
|
|
Iron weed, Ash-Colored Fleabane |
Vernonia Cineria Less. Compositae |
|
|
Hill glory bower |
Clerodendrum Infortunatum Linn., Viscosum Vent. |
|
|
Rajmahal hemb |
Marsdenia Tenacissima Wight. & Am. |
|
|
Fennel |
Foeniculum Vulgare Mill., Anethum Foeniculum Linn. |
|
|
Malabar Catmint |
Anisomeles Malabarica |
|
|
Tree of heaven, Lakshmi tharu |
Ailantus Excelsa Roxb. Simaroubaceae |
|
|
Colocynth (Root) |
Citrullus Colocynthis |
|
|
Indian banyan |
Ficus Bengalensis |
|
|
Greater Cardamom |
Amomum Subulatum Roxb. Scitaminaceae |
|
|
Wild Guava, Slow match tree |
Careya Arborea Roxb. Myrtaceae, |
|
|
Chir pine, Longleaved pine |
Pinus Roxburghi / Longifolia |
|
|
Lucky Bean Tree |
Putranjiva Roxburghii | |
|
Tree of heaven |
Ailantus Excelsa Roxb. Simaroubaceae |
|
|
Peon, Poon Tree, Wild Indian Almond |
Sterculia Foetida Linn. Sterculiaceae |
|
|
Salaretin |
Salacia Reticulata Wight |
|
|
Sessile joyweed |
Alternanthera Sessilis R. Br. Ex Dc. |
|
|
Levant Berries, Fish Berries |
Anamirta Cocculus W & A. Menispermaceae |
|
|
Negro Coffee |
Cassia Occidentalis Linn. Caesalpiniaceae |
|
|
Opium, White Poppy |
Papaver Somniferum Linn. Papaveraceae |
|
|
ബദാം |
Almond |
Amygdalus Commonis Linn |
|
Thyme-Leaved Gratiola |
Bacopa, Herpestis Monnieri Pennell Scrophulariaceae |
|
|
ബ്ലീഡിംഗ് ഹാർട്ട് |
Bleeding-heart |
Clerondendrum Serratum- Spreng. Verbenaceae |
|
Kshara of Barley |
Hordeum Vulgare |
|
|
ബീട്രൂട്ട് |
Beetroot |
Beta Vulgaris Linn. Chenopodiaceae |
|
ബെന്നിചെടി |
Blood-Veined Sage |
Salvia Haematodes W. Labiatae |
|
Deadly Nightshade |
Atropa Belladonna Linn. Solanaceae |
|
|
മക്കി, ഇരവി |
Gamboge |
Garcinia Morella |
|
Indian Wormwood, Fleabane, Mugwort |
Artemisia Vulgaris Linn., Nilagirica Pamp. |
|
|
മങ്ങോസ്ടിൻ |
Indian Rhubarb |
Garcinia Pedunculata Roxb. |
|
മങ്ങോസ്ടിൻ |
Purple Mongosteen |
Garcinia Pedunculata |
|
Indian Madder |
Rubia Cordifoia Linn |
|
|
Adina |
Haldina Cordifolia Roxb. Rubiaceae |
|
|
മഞ്ഞകരിംകണ്ണി |
Chinese Wedelia |
Wedelia Chinensis Merrill, Calendulacea Less. |
|
Indian Madder |
Rubia Cordifolia Linn. Rubiaceae |
|
|
മഞ്ഞപ്പരുതി |
Yellow-Flowered Cotton Tree |
Gossypium Dc. Cochlospermaceae |
|
Phalg, Yellow orchid tree |
Bauhinia Tomentosa Linn. |
|
|
മഞ്ഞമുല്ല |
Yellow jasmine |
Jasminum Humile Linn., Chrysanthemum Roxb. |
|
Turmeric |
Curcuma Longa |
|
|
മണൽകീര |
Sand Herbage |
Gisekia Pharnaceoides Linn. Ficoidaceae |
|
Indian Parselane, pigweed, little hogweed |
Portulaca Oleraceae Linn. Portulacaceae |
|
|
മണിപ്ലാന്റ്റ് |
Devil’s ivy, golden pothos |
Rhaphidophora Laciniata (Burm.F.) Merr. |
|
മത്തൻ |
Red Gourd |
Cucurbita Maxima Duchesne. Cucurbitaceae |
|
Brown Indian Hemp |
Hibiscus Cannabinus Linn. Malvaceae |
|
|
മധുര കിഴങ്ങ് |
Sweet Potato |
Ipomoea Batatas (Linn.) Lam. |
|
മധുരനാരങ്ങ |
True Sweet Lime |
Citrus Limetta W&A. |
|
മയിൽപീലി |
Peacock’s Tail |
Actinopteris Dichotoma Bedd. Polypodiaceae |
|
Stone Flower |
Parmelia Perlata (Huds.) Ach. Lichenes |
|
|
Rock fungie |
Parmelia Perlata |
|
|
Black Sandalwood, Tree Turmeric |
Coscinium Fenestratum Gaertn. & Colebr. |
|
|
Indian Barberry |
Berberis Aristata |
|
|
Orange Jasmine |
Murraya paniculata |
|
|
Jangli Almond, Marothi Tree |
Hydnocarpus Laurifolia Sleumer, Wightiana Blume. |
|
|
Java Glangal |
Alpinia Galanga Willd. , Calcarata Scitaminaceae |
|
|
Velvet Leaf, Parrot Root, Moonseed |
Cocculus Hirsutus (Linn.) Diels |
|
|
Cyclea Peltata, velvet leaf |
Cissampelos Pariera , Cissampelos Pariera |
|
|
Mountain Ebony |
Bauhinia Racemosa oxb. Leguminosae |
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മലമ്പാവട്ട |
Wild Cowry Fruit |
Casearia Esculanta Roxb. Samydaceae |
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Chalta |
Dillenia Indica Linn. Dillenisceae |
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Cilantro Leaf |
Coriandrum Sativum Linn. Umbelliferae |
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Celery leaf-Cilantro leaf |
Apium Graveolens, |
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മൾബറി |
White Mulberry |
Morus Alba Linn. Urticaceae |
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Axlewood |
Anogeissus Latifolia Wall. |
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Mango, Spring Tree, Cupid’s Favorite |
Mangifera Indica Linn. Anacardiaceae |
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Pomegranate |
Punica Granatam Linn. Punicaceae |
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Rough Bryony |
Mukia Maderaspatana (Linn.) Roem. |
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Ground palm |
Biophytum Sensitivum Dc. Geraniaceae |
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Arani |
Premna Integrifolia Linn. , Obtusifolia Verbenaceae |
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Chufa, Tiger Nut, Rush Nut, Musta Nut Grass |
Cyperus Esculentus Linn. Cyperaceae |
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white water sedge, Bulrush, deergrass |
Kyllinga Nemoralis Dandy. Ex Hutch , Monocephala |
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Horse Gram |
Dolichos Biflorus Linn. , Vigna Unquiculata |
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Indian Kudzu |
Pueraria Tuberosa Leguminosae |
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Grapes |
Vitis Vinifera Linn. Vitaceae |
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lilac tasselflower |
Emilia Sonchifolia (Linn.) Dc. Asteraceae |
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Indian Coral Tree, Moochy Wood Tree |
Erythrina Indica Lam. Papilionaceae |
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Horse Radish, Drumstick Plant |
Moringa Oleifera Lam., Pterygosperma Gaertn. |
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Peon, Poon Tree, Wild Indian Almond |
Sterculia Foetida Linn. Sterculiaceae |
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Tree Jasmine |
Jasminum Arborescens Roxb. Oleaceae |
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Reed |
Arundo Donax Linn. Gramineae |
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Red Silk-Cotton(Elavu) |
Salmalia Malabarica, Bombax Malabaricum |
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മുള്ളൻ കുറുംതോട്ടി |
Prickly Sida |
Sida Spinosa Linn., Alba, Alinifolia Malvaceae |
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മുള്ളൻപാവൽ |
Gac |
Momordica Cochinchinensis Spreng. Cucurbitaceae |
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Prickly Amaranth, Joseph’s-coat |
Amarantus Spinosus Amarantaceae |
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Cuddapa Almond, Charoli |
Buchanania Lanzan Spreng. , Latifolia |
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മൂടില്ലതാളി |
Dodder |
Cuscuta Reflexa Roxb. Convolvulaceae |
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മെയ്സ് |
Corn, Indian Corn, Maize |
Zea Mays Linn. Poaceae |
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മേച്ചിൽപുല്ലു |
Roofing grass |
Saccharum Munja Roxb. Gramineae |
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മേചിൽപ്പുല്ല് |
Breadgrass |
Andropogon Iwarancusa |
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Wolf’s Bane, Glory Lily, Flame lilly |
Gloriosa Superba Linn. Liliaceae |
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Henna, Persian Red, Egyptian Priven |
Lawsonia Alba Lam., Inermis Linn. Lythraceae |
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Climbing Flax |
Hugonia Mystax Linn. Linaceae |
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Blue Gum Eucalyptus, Australian Fever Tree |
Eucalyptus Globulus Labill. Myrtaceae |
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Red sandal |
Pterocarpus Santalinus |
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Beard grass, Bluestem grass |
Andropogon Muricatus |
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Khaskhas Grass, Vetiveria |
Vetiveria Zizanioides Nash Gramineae |
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Utrasum-Bead Tree |
Elaeocarpus Sphaericus (Gaertn.) K. Schum. |
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റാഗി |
Finger Millet, Indian Millet |
Eleusine Coracana (Linn.) Gaertn. |
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റാഡിഷ് |
Radish |
Raphanus Sativus Linn. Cruciferae |
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Rose, Cabbage Rose, Pale Rose |
Rosa Centifolia Linn. Rosaceae |
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ലിച്ചി |
Lychee |
Litchi Chinensis |
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Governor’s Plum |
Flacourtia Ramoutchi Fam., Indica Merr. |
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Indian Willow |
Salix Tetrasperma Roxb. Salicaceae |
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Velvet Leaf |
Cissampelos Pareira Linn. Menispermaceae |
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Apamarga |
Achyarnthes Aspera |
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വൻപയർ |
Cowpea |
Vigna Unguiculata / Cylindrica Papilionaceae, |
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Pasture weed |
Cyathula Prostrata |
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Sponge Tree |
Prosopis Specigera Linn. Mimosaceae |
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Sweet Flag, Calamus |
Acorus Calamus |
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Hygrophila (Root) |
Asteracantha Longifolia |
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Bush onion |
Cyperus Bulbosus, Nyctanthes Arbor-Tristis |
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Hygrophila |
Hygrophila (Root)- Asteracantha Longifolia |
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Spiked Ginger Lily |
Hedychium Spicatum Ham. Scitaminaceae |
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Prickly Chaff Flower |
Achyranthes Aspera Linn. Amaranthaceae |
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Indian Country mallow |
Pavonia Indica |
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Large caltrops |
Pedalium Murex Linn. Pedaliaceae |
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വലിയനറുവരി |
Sebesten Plum |
Cordia Wallichii ., Latifolia Roxb. Boraginaceae |
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Indian Spinach Malabar Nightshade |
Basella Alba Linn. Chenopodiaceae |
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Indian Stinging Nettle |
Tragia Involucrata, Cannabina Linn. |
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Vomiting Swallow Wort, Indian Ipecac |
Asclepias Asthmatica , Tylophora Asthmatica |
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Malabar leaf, Indian bark. |
Cinnamomum Tamala Nees & Eberm. Lauraceae |
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Brinjal |
Solanum melangona |
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Indian Spinach |
Basella Rubra Linn. Chenopodiaceae |
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willow-leaved justicia |
Justicia Gendarussa Burm.F. |
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Naravelia |
Naravelia Zeylanica (Linn.) Dc. |
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Fox-Grape |
Cayratia Carnosa Gagnep., Vitis Carnosa Linn. |
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Java Pepper |
Piper Cubeba |
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Pepper, Indian Long pepper |
Piper Longum Linn. Piperaceae |
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Tailed pepper |
Cubeba Officinalis |
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Tamarind |
Tamarindus Indica Linn. Leguminosae |
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വാളരിപ്പയർ |
Sword Bean, Broad Bean |
Canavalia Gladiata Dc., Censiformis Sensu Baker |
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Banana Tree |
Musa Paradisiaca |
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വാഴചെടി |
Brown Peacock |
Roscoea Purpurea Royle. , Prucera Wall. |
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Plantain, Banana |
Musa Paradisiaca Linn. , Sapientum |
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Goose Foot, Wild Spinach |
Chenopodium Album Linn. Chenopodiaceae |
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Elephant Apple |
Feronia Limonia, Limonia Acidissima Linn. |
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Wood Apple |
Feronia Limonia, Limonia Acidissima Linn. |
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Embilia, False Black Pepper |
Embelia Ribes Burm. Myrsinaceae |
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Dankuni Plant, Slender Dwarf Morning Glory |
Evolvulus Alsinoides Linn. Convolvulaceae |
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Pale Indigo Plant, Sweet Indrajao |
Wrightia Tinctoria (Roxb.)R.Br. Apocynaceae |
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വെടതല |
Sicklebush, Bell mimosa, Chinese lantern tree |
Dichrostachys Cinerea (Linn), Mimosa Cinerea |
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വെണ്ട |
Okra, ladies fingure |
Hibiscus Esculentus Linn. |
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വെരുകുംപുഴു |
Civet |
Fragrant Animal Excretion |
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Beetal leaf |
Piper Betle Linn |
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Betel, Betel Leaf, Betel Pepper |
Piper Betel Linn. Piperaceae |
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Mudar Bowstring Hemp |
Gigantic Swallow Wort-Calotropis |
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White Mustard |
Brassica Alba Rabehn. Cruciferae |
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White Cutch Tree, White Catech |
Acacia Polyantha Will. Mimosaceae |
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Hribera |
Pavonia Odorata |
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White Lead Wort , Doctorbush |
Plumbago Zeylanica |
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Chaste Tree, Chaste berry |
Vitex Agnus-Castus Verbenaceae |
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Indian trumpet, Broken born |
Oroxylum Indicum |
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Indian Koppel tree, White dammar |
Vateria Indica |
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Mango-Ginger, White Turmeric |
Curcuma Amada Roxb./ Curcuma Zedoaria |
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Flowering Murdah |
Terminalia Paniculata Roth Combretaceae |
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White Musli |
Chlorophytum Tuberosum Baker Liliaceae |
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വെള്ളരി |
Cucumber |
Cucumis Sativus Linn. Cucurbitaceae |
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Cassia Flower, Sponge Tree |
Acacia Leucophloea, Farnesiana Willd. Fabaceae, |
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Wild mussaenda, Dhobe tree |
Mussaendra Frondosa Linn. , Flavescens Rubiaceae |
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Flannel weed |
Sida Cordata Borssum, Veronicaefolia Lam. |
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Garlic |
Allum Sativum Linn. Liliaceae |
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Indian Kino Malabar Kino |
Pterocarpus Marsupium |
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White weed, Appa Grass |
Ageratum Conyzoides Linn. Asteraceae |
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Indian Lilac, Margosa Tree |
Azidiracta Indica A Juss. Meliaceae |
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Pergularia |
Pergularia Daemia Chiov. |
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Clitoris flower |
Clitoria Ternatea |
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Canscora, Winged-Stem Canscora |
Canscora Decussata Roem. Et. Sch. Gentianaceae |
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Butterfly Pea, Clitoria |
Clitoria Ternatea Linn. Papilionaceae , Fabaceae |
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Asparagus Root |
Asparagus Racemosus Willd. Liliaceae |
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Madagascar Periwinkle |
Catharanthus Roseus G.Don. , Vinca Rosea Linn. |
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Indian Rosewood, Eetty |
Dalbergia Sissoo |
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Snake Jasmine, Dainty Spurs |
Rhinacanthus Communis |
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Indian plum, coffee plum |
Flacourtia Jangomas Flacourtiaceae |
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സബോള |
Bulb onion, Common onion |
Allium Cepa |
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Sarpagandha |
Rauvolfia Serpentina. |
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Devil’s tongue, Bowstring hemp |
Sansevieria Zeylanica, Roxburghiana Schult. |
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സവാള |
Onion |
Allum cepa |
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Elephant Creeper, Woolly Morning Glory |
Argyreia Speciosa Sweet, Nervosa Boj. , |
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Quinine Bark, Peruvian Bark |
Cinchona Officinalis Linn. Rubiaceae |
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Custard Apple, Sugar Apple |
Annona Squamosa Linn. Annonaceae |
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Needle Flower Jasmine |
Jasmin Auriculata Vahl. Oleaceae |
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Sunflower |
Helianthus Annuus Linn. Asteraceae |
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Indian Filbert, Soapnut Tree |
Sapindus Trifoliatus Linn., Laurifolia Vahl |
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Ephedra, Joint-pine, Mormon-tea |
Ephedra Vulgaris Rich. , Gerardiana Ephedraceae |
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Mood Plant, Moon Creeper |
Sarcostemma Acidum Voigt, Brevistigma W&A. |
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Chamror |
Ehretia Laevis Roxb. Boraginaceae |